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  Bladder and urethral infection (cystitis, cystitis)   Symptoms Typical symptoms are frequent and forced urination and burning when urinating. Sometime blood also come while urination. Similar symptoms can sometimes be caused by sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia or gonorrhea), overactive bladder, bladder or pelvic floor pain syndrome, gynecological infections in women 1 and prostatitis in men 2. These can be alarming if not consult to nephrology doctors or family physician to determine the ground reality of disease. Diagnosis The diagnosis of gonorrhea can be made on the basis of typical symptoms without laboratory examinations, for example in a telephone interview, if a woman aged 18–65 years without underlying diseases has symptoms that she herself recognizes and if she is not pregnant. During the interview, a decision is made as to whether another disease such as a venereal disease could be behind the symptoms, or whether they indicate a more serious ...

  What is the connection between pain in the lower back and the kidneys? Various health conditions can cause low back pain, and a number of these conditions are related to the kidneys. Lumbar pain that is sharp and comes in waves is a common symptom of a trapped kidney stone or a kidney infection. Although dull and constant back pain is rarely a symptom of a kidney problem, it can be as serious as cancer. Since most kidney problems require a doctor, a person suffering from low back pain and kidney pain should contact their healthcare professional. Meanwhile, over-the-counter pain medication and heat can help the sufferer relieve the pain. To determine if there is a connection between lower back pain and the kidneys, the sufferer must understand how kidney-related back pain usually feels or may visit nephrologist as nephrology doctors can accurately investigate . Many individuals confuse chronic, continuous back pain with renal disease, but back pain caused by these organs is u...

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney; each kidney contains about 400 to 800,000. Each nephron has a glomerulus and a tubule that follows it. The tubule is composed of different specialized segments, which modify the composition of the glomerular ultrafiltrate (by the phenomenon of secretion and reabsorption between the tubular fluid and the capillaries), resulting in the final urine. The control of these exchanges is ensured by hormones and mediators of systemic or local origin. Through its exocrine and endocrine functions, the kidney plays an essential role in the homeostasis of the internal environment. Glomerulus and glomerular filtration The first step in the development of urine is the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate (or primitive urine) by the passage of water and plasma constituents through the glomerular filtration barrier, separating the plasma in the capillary glomerular of the urinary chamber, by mixed phenomena of convection and diffusion. Doctor Muhammad ...

Introduction The kidneys play an essential role in the general homeostasis of humans. Richly vascularized, the kidneys' primary function is to purify and balance the constituents of the blood. The nephron is the structural and functional element of the kidneys, and it is at the origin of the production of urine. The excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine occurs in three well-defined stages—glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. During the first stage, there is the formation of the so-called primary urine, and then during the second stage, the primary urine becomes the final urine. The last step is the storage of the final urine in the bladder before it is excreted by urination. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) quantifies the kidney's ability to perform its function. GFR is calculated by the clearance of a substance, usually by insulin or creatinine . According to the Société Francophone de Néphrologie, Dialyse ET Transplantation (SFNDT), the kidneys filter appr...

  Glomerulonephritis: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment Glomerulonephritis, also called nephritis or nephrotic syndrome, is the medical term for kidney disease, specifically the glomeruli. It can be caused by several disorders such as infections, hereditary genetic disorders, or autoimmune diseases. The condition manifests with various symptoms such as edema, high blood pressure, and hematuria. The diagnosis is based on blood and urine tests, sometimes supplemented with medical imaging or a biopsy. The treatment of glomerulonephritis is based on dietary measures and diuretic drugs or antibiotics treated by nephrology physicians               A glomerulonephritis is a damage to the glomerulus (kidney filtration units). It can be acute (rapid development) or chronic (slow development). We speak of primary glomerulonephritis when the origin of the disorder is kidney damage and secondary glomerulonephritis in the event of an existing underl...

Dialysis is an artificial process of removing residues and excess fluids from the body, which is necessary when the kidneys are not working properly.                 There are several reasons for dialysis, but the inability of the kidneys to properly filter blood residues (kidney failure) is the most common reason. Kidney function may decline rapidly (this is called acute kidney injury or acute kidney failure), or the kidneys may slowly lose their ability to filter wastes from the body (this is called chronic kidney disease or chronic kidney disease). And the doctors who treat these diseases are called nephrology physicians .                 It is not easy to make the decision to start this treatment because it leads to a drastic change in people's lifestyle and their dependence on devices to keep themselves alive. However, for most people...

  Therapy for liver disease has improved significantly in recent decades and includes everything from diet to medication and highly advanced surgery. The diagnosis has been improved considerably in terms of serum samples and radiological technology. Despite this, part of the diagnosis is still based on liver biopsy when recommended by liver consultants . Patients with liver disease develop symptoms late in the course of the disease, and we often discover them because liver samples have been included as part of another investigation. The commonly used samples (aminotransferases) only indicate the presence of an injury but not the diseases that are causing the injury. In our country, there are relatively few diseases that cause serious liver damage. In the chapter, there is a proposal for an investigation to be able to identify these quickly. Most often, patients are worried about finding a good doctor or physician for the treatment because only a specialist doctor can accurately d...